Hi Uncreator,
In addition to the sound of some of the modes there are a number of Oriental/Asian: Hirajoshi (1 2 b3 5 b6 8), Kumoi (1 2 b3 5 6 8), In (1 b2 4 5 b6 8) are 6 note Japanese scales; Bhairava (1 b2 3 4 5 b6 7 8), Pooravi (1 b2 3 sharp4 5 b6 7 8) Marava ( 1 b2 3 sharp4 5 6 7 8 ), Kanakangi (1 b2 bb3 4 5 b6 bb7 8) are Indian scales, Pelog (1 b2 b3 5 b6 8) is a Balinese scale.
With the Indian forms you might also want to look at ragas (John McLauglin and the Mahavishnu Orchestra is a great inroad here). I'm sure there are some specific Chinese scales but I've never seen any specific formula. For oriental music a lot of Olivier Messiaen's chamber and orchestral music is influenced by Japanese and Balinese music. Toro Takemitsu is a world reknowned Japanese classical composer (and one much admired by one of our instructors

) but it's also worth looking at Akira Ifukube and Yoko Kanu. Recent Chinese - Tan Dun is maybe one of the best known. It's worth listening to a range here IMO as it helps a Western 'ear' get used to the different tonalities used.
Cheers,
Tony
ps apologies to Kosei and Vinod (and indeed anyone else) if I've got spellings wrong above.