Well...that's ear training. You have to learn with a method you achive that kind of hearing. But you have the old "error and try" (I don't actually know the translation of that phrase in english, I think could be that).
It's simple.
If it's a triad you have 4 options: major, minor, augmented and diminished.
Also you can have added notes like 9, 11, 13.
And there are the sus chords like sus2 or sus4.
Pretty much there you have all the 3 note chords and the added notes.
If it's a four note chord then you have 5 common options: maj7, m7, m maj7, m7(b5) and °7.
Also for those chords you can have an added note 9,11,13.
I forgot to mention that the added notes could be flat or sharp. #9, #11, #13 and b9, b11, b13.
So you can record those chords and then put yourself a test and try to guess. (Start with the 3 note chord then get into the rest).
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